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List of Laureates and Universities(The university the Laureates were affiliated with at the time of the Prize announcement.) A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia 2000, Physics, Zhores I. Alferov Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark 1997, Chemistry, Jens C. Skou Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR 1962, Physics, Lev Landau1978, Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa1975, Economic Sciences, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich All Souls College, Oxford, United Kingdom 1972, Economic Sciences, John R. Hicks Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1902, Physics, Pieter Zeeman1910, Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA 2003, Physics, Alexei A. Abrikosov Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA 2004, Economic Sciences, Edward C. Prescott Associated Universities Inc., Washington, DC, USA 2002, Physics, Riccardo Giacconi Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Berkshire, United Kingdom 1951, Physics, John Cockcroft Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 1963, Physiology or Medicine, Sir John Eccles Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Switzerland 1984, Physiology or Medicine, Niels K. Jerne1984, Physiology or Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler Basel University, Basel, Switzerland 1950, Physiology or Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, USA 1978, Physics, Arno Penzias1978, Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, NY, USA 1937, Physics, Clinton Davisson Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, USA 1956, Physics, Walter H. Brattain1977, Physics, Philip W. Anderson Berlin University, Berlin, Germany 1918, Physics, Max Planck1933, Physics, Erwin Schrödinger1901, Chemistry, Jacobus H. van \'t Hoff1902, Chemistry, Emil Fischer1920, Chemistry, Walther Nernst1936, Chemistry, Peter Debye1939, Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt Berne University, Berne, Switzerland 1909, Physiology or Medicine, Theodor Kocher Biozentrum der Universität, Basel, Switzerland 1978, Physiology or Medicine, Werner Arber Birmingham University, Birmingham, United Kingdom 1937, Chemistry, Norman Haworth Brigham and Women\'s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 1990, Physiology or Medicine, Joseph E. Murray Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom 1950, Physics, Cecil Powell Brown University, Providence, RI, USA 1972, Physics, Leon N. Cooper Brussels University, Brussels, Belgium 1919, Physiology or Medicine, Jules Bordet Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), Sèvres, France 1920, Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume Calcutta University, Calcutta, India 1930, Physics, Venkata Raman California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 1923, Physics, Robert A. Millikan1936, Physics, Carl D. Anderson1961, Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer1965, Physics, Richard P. Feynman1969, Physics, Murray Gell-Mann1983, Physics, William A. Fowler2004, Physics, H. David Politzer1954, Chemistry, Linus Pauling1992, Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus1999, Chemistry, Ahmed Zewail1933, Physiology or Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan1958, Physiology or Medicine, George Beadle1969, Physiology or Medicine, Max Delbrück1981, Physiology or Medicine, Roger W. Sperry1995, Physiology or Medicine, Edward B. Lewis1962, Peace, Linus Pauling Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 1943, Physics, Otto Stern Carnegie Institution of Washington, Long Island, New York, NY, USA 1969, Physiology or Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 1978, Economic Sciences, Herbert A. Simon2004, Economic Sciences, Finn E. Kydland Center for Study of Public Choice, Fairfax, VA, USA 1986, Economic Sciences, James M. Buchanan Jr. Central Research Laboratories, EMI, London, United Kingdom 1979, Physiology or Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1984, Physics, Simon van der Meer1984, Physics, Carlo Rubbia1988, Physics, Jack Steinberger1992, Physics, Georges Charpak City University of New York, New York, NY, USA 1990, Economic Sciences, Harry M. Markowitz Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA 1983, Physiology or Medicine, Barbara McClintock Collège de France, Paris, France 1991, Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes1997, Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji1987, Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn Cologne University, Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany 1950, Chemistry, Kurt Alder Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 1944, Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi1949, Physics, Hideki Yukawa1955, Physics, Polykarp Kusch1957, Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee1975, Physics, James Rainwater1998, Physics, Horst L. Störmer1934, Chemistry, Harold C. Urey1956, Physiology or Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards2000, Physiology or Medicine, Eric R. Kandel2004, Physiology or Medicine, Richard Axel1931, Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler1996, Economic Sciences, William Vickrey1999, Economic Sciences, Robert A. Mundell2001, Economic Sciences, Joseph E. Stiglitz Columbia University Division, Cardio-Pulmonary Laboratory, Bellevue Hospital, New York, NY, USA 1956, Physiology or Medicine, André F. Cournand Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark 1922, Physics, Niels Bohr1920, Physiology or Medicine, August Krogh1926, Physiology or Medicine, Johannes Fibiger Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 1967, Physics, Hans Bethe1982, Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson1996, Physics, Robert C. Richardson1996, Physics, David M. Lee1946, Chemistry, James B. Sumner1955, Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud1981, Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann1968, Physiology or Medicine, Robert W. Holley Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, United Kingdom 1947, Physics, Edward V. Appleton Digital Pathways, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA 1988, Physics, Melvin Schwartz Du Pont, Wilmington, DE, USA 1987, Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen École municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry), Paris, France 1903, Physics, Pierre Curie École Nationale Supérieur des Mines de Paris, Paris, France 1988, Economic Sciences, Maurice Allais École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France 1966, Physics, Alfred Kastler1997, Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji École Polytechnique, Paris, France 1903, Physics, Henri Becquerel École Supérieure de Physique et Chimie, Paris, France 1992, Physics, Georges Charpak Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 1917, Physics, Charles Glover Barkla1954, Physics, Max Born Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland 1939, Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka1975, Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog1991, Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst2002, Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN, USA 2004, Economic Sciences, Edward C. Prescott Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA 1988, Physics, Leon M. Lederman Finsen Medical Light Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark 1903, Physiology or Medicine, Niels Ryberg Finsen Frankfurt-on-the-Main University, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany 1914, Physics, Max von Laue Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA 1990, Physiology or Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas2001, Physiology or Medicine, Leland H. Hartwell2004, Physiology or Medicine, Linda B. Buck Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany 1986, Physics, Ernst Ruska General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY, USA 1973, Physics, Ivar Giaever1932, Chemistry, Irving Langmuir George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA 2002, Economic Sciences, Vernon L. Smith Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 1938, Physiology or Medicine, Corneille Heymans Glynn Research Laboratories, Bodmin, United Kingdom 1978, Chemistry, Peter Mitchell Goettingen University, Goettingen, Germany 1925, Physics, James Franck1910, Chemistry, Otto Wallach1925, Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy1928, Chemistry, Adolf Windaus1908, Physiology or Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Graz University, Graz, Austria 1923, Chemistry, Fritz Pregl1936, Physiology or Medicine, Otto Loewi Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany 1919, Physics, Johannes Stark Groningen University, Groningen, the Netherlands 1953, Physics, Frits Zernike Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden 2000, Physiology or Medicine, Arvid Carlsson Halle University, Halle, Germany 1925, Physics, Gustav Hertz Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 1953, Physiology or Medicine, Fritz Lipmann1954, Physiology or Medicine, John F. Enders1980, Physiology or Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf1981, Physiology or Medicine, David H. Hubel1981, Physiology or Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 1946, Physics, Percy W. Bridgman1952, Physics, E. M. Purcell1965, Physics, Julian Schwinger1977, Physics, John H. van Vleck1979, Physics, Steven Weinberg1981, Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen1989, Physics, Norman F. Ramsey1914, Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards1965, Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward1976, Chemistry, William Lipscomb1986, Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach1990, Chemistry, Elias James Corey1934, Physiology or Medicine, George R. Minot1934, Physiology or Medicine, William P. Murphy1961, Physiology or Medicine, Georg von Békésy1962, Physiology or Medicine, James Watson1964, Physiology or Medicine, Konrad Bloch1967, Physiology or Medicine, George Wald1950, Peace, Ralph Bunche1971, Economic Sciences, Simon Kuznets1972, Economic Sciences, Kenneth J. Arrow1973, Economic Sciences, Wassily Leontief1997, Economic Sciences, Robert C. Merton Harvard University, Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA 1980, Chemistry, Walter Gilbert Harvard University, Lyman Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA 1979, Physics, Sheldon Glashow Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland 1945, Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G., Heidelberg, Germany 1931, Chemistry, Carl Bosch I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G., Mannheim-Rheinau, Germany 1931, Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA 1973, Physics, Leo Esaki IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland 1986, Physics, Gerd Binnig1986, Physics, Heinrich Rohrer1987, Physics, K. Alex Müller1987, Physics, J. Georg Bednorz Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom 2001, Physiology or Medicine, Sir Paul Nurse2001, Physiology or Medicine, Tim Hunt Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratory, London, United Kingdom 1975, Physiology or Medicine, Renato Dulbecco Imperial College, London, United Kingdom 1971, Physics, Dennis Gabor1979, Physics, Abdus Salam1969, Chemistry, Derek Barton1973, Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA 1946, Physiology or Medicine, Hermann J. Muller Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria 1936, Physics, Victor F. Hess Institut du Radium, Paris, France 1935, Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot1935, Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 1907, Physiology or Medicine, Alphonse Laveran1908, Physiology or Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov1965, Physiology or Medicine, Jacques Monod1965, Physiology or Medicine, François Jacob1965, Physiology or Medicine, André Lwoff Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA 1957, Physics, Chen Ning Yang Institute for Biochemical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1970, Chemistry, Luis Leloir Institute for Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, USSR 1956, Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov Institute for Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany 1905, Physiology or Medicine, Robert Koch Institute of Cell Biology of the C.N.R, Rome, Italy 1986, Physiology or Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini Institute of Physical Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom 1967, Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish Institute of Technology, Milan, Italy 1963, Chemistry, Giulio Natta Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental (Institute for Biology and Experimental Medicine), Buenos Aires, Argentina 1947, Physiology or Medicine, Bernardo Houssay International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy 1979, Physics, Abdus Salam Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Chief Institute of Public Health), Rome, Italy 1957, Physiology or Medicine, Daniel Bovet Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA 1980, Physiology or Medicine, George D. Snell Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 2003, Chemistry, Peter Agre1978, Physiology or Medicine, Daniel Nathans1978, Physiology or Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Fritz-Haber-Institut) für physikalische Chemie und Electrochemie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany 1918, Chemistry, Fritz Haber Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck Institut) für Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany 1944, Chemistry, Otto Hahn Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck Institut) für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany 1938, Chemistry, Richard Kuhn Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biochemie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany 1939, Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biologie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany 1931, Physiology or Medicine, Otto Warburg Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Physik, Berlin, Germany 1921, Physics, Albert Einstein1936, Chemistry, Peter Debye Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 1967, Physiology or Medicine, Ragnar Granit1970, Physiology or Medicine, Ulf von Euler1982, Physiology or Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson1982, Physiology or Medicine, Sune K. Bergström Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA 2004, Physics, David J. Gross Kiel University, Kiel, Germany 1905, Physics, Philipp Lenard1922, Physiology or Medicine, Otto Meyerhof Kiel University, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany 1950, Chemistry, Otto Diels Kyoto Imperial University, Kyoto, Japan 1949, Physics, Hideki Yukawa Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 1981, Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui Königliches Institut für experimentelle Therapie (Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy), Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany 1908, Physiology or Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Laboratories of the Division of Medicine and Public Health, Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, USA 1951, Physiology or Medicine, Max Theiler Laboratorium der Farben-Fabriken J.R. Geigy A.G. (Laboratory of the J.R. Geigy Dye-Factory Co.), Basel, Switzerland 1948, Physiology or Medicine, Paul Müller Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule (Agricultural College), Berlin, Germany 1907, Chemistry, Eduard Buchner Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands 1902, Physics, Hendrik A. Lorentz1913, Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes1924, Physiology or Medicine, Willem Einthoven Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany 1932, Physics, Werner Heisenberg1909, Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom 1935, Physics, James Chadwick London University, London, United Kingdom 1915, Physics, William Bragg1928, Physics, Owen Willans Richardson1937, Physics, George Paget Thomson1904, Chemistry, Sir William Ramsay1929, Chemistry, Arthur Harden1922, Physiology or Medicine, Archibald V. Hill1945, Physiology or Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming1962, Physiology or Medicine, Maurice Wilkins1963, Physiology or Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley London University, King\'s College Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom 1988, Physiology or Medicine, Sir James W. Black Long Term Capital Management, Greenwich, CT, USA 1997, Economic Sciences, Myron S. Scholes Madrid University, Madrid, Spain 1906, Physiology or Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal Mainz University, Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany 1956, Physiology or Medicine, Werner Forssmann Marburg University, Marburg, Germany 1901, Physiology or Medicine, Emil von Behring Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom 1909, Physics, Guglielmo Marconi Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 1953, Physiology or Medicine, Fritz Lipmann Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA 1964, Physics, Charles H. Townes1976, Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting1990, Physics, Henry W. Kendall1990, Physics, Jerome I. Friedman1994, Physics, Clifford G. Shull2001, Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle2004, Physics, Frank Wilczek1995, Chemistry, Mario J. Molina1969, Physiology or Medicine, Salvador E. Luria1975, Physiology or Medicine, David Baltimore1987, Physiology or Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa2002, Physiology or Medicine, H. Robert Horvitz1970, Economic Sciences, Paul A. Samuelson1985, Economic Sciences, Franco Modigliani1987, Economic Sciences, Robert M. Solow Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Center for Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA 1993, Physiology or Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany 1988, Chemistry, Robert Huber Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Federal Republic of Germany 1988, Chemistry, Hartmut Michel Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Goettingen, Federal Republic of Germany 1991, Physiology or Medicine, Erwin Neher Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany 1995, Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany 1995, Physiology or Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany 1985, Physics, Klaus von Klitzing Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (Max-Planck-Institue for Carbon Research), Mülheim/Ruhr, Federal Republic of Germany 1963, Chemistry, Karl Ziegler Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany 1954, Physics, Walther Bothe1991, Physiology or Medicine, Bert Sakmann Max-Planck-Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Goettingen, Federal Republic of Germany 1967, Chemistry, Manfred Eigen Max-Planck-Institut für Zellchemie, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany 1964, Physiology or Medicine, Feodor Lynen Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 1950, Physiology or Medicine, Philip S. Hench1950, Physiology or Medicine, Edward C. Kendall McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 1994, Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia 1904, Physiology or Medicine, Ivan Pavlov MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom 1962, Chemistry, Max F. Perutz1962, Chemistry, John C. Kendrew1980, Chemistry, Frederick Sanger1982, Chemistry, Aaron Klug1997, Chemistry, John E. Walker1962, Physiology or Medicine, Francis Crick1984, Physiology or Medicine, César Milstein Munich University, Munich, Germany 1901, Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen1905, Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer1915, Chemistry, Richard Willstätter1927, Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland Munster University, Munster, Germany 1939, Physiology or Medicine, Gerhard Domagk Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan 2001, Chemistry, Ryoji Noyori Nancy University, Nancy, France 1912, Chemistry, Victor Grignard National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom 1952, Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin1936, Physiology or Medicine, Sir Henry Dale National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 1994, Physiology or Medicine, Martin Rodbell National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA 1997, Physics, William D. Phillips National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 1972, Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen1968, Physiology or Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg1970, Physiology or Medicine, Julius Axelrod1976, Physiology or Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada 1971, Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg Neurological Institute, Lisbon, Portugal 1949, Physiology or Medicine, Egas Moniz New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA, USA 1993, Physiology or Medicine, Richard J. Roberts New York University, New York, NY, USA 2003, Economic Sciences, Robert F. Engle III New York University, College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 1959, Physiology or Medicine, Severo Ochoa Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark 1975, Physics, Aage N. Bohr Nobel Medical Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 1955, Physiology or Medicine, Hugo Theorell Nordita, Copenhagen, Denmark 1975, Physics, Ben R. Mottelson Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA 1998, Chemistry, John Pople P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia 2003, Physics, Vitaly L. Ginzburg P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, USSR 1958, Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov1958, Physics, Il´ja M. Frank1958, Physics, Igor Y. Tamm1964, Physics, Nicolay G. Basov1964, Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov Pavia University, Pavia, Italy 1906, Physiology or Medicine, Camillo Golgi Peter Brent Brigham Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 1934, Physiology or Medicine, William P. Murphy Polarographic Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague, Czechoslovakia 1959, Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky Polytechnic Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark 1943, Physiology or Medicine, Henrik Dam Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA 1945, Physics, Wolfgang Pauli1963, Physics, Eugene Wigner1980, Physics, Val Fitch1993, Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.1993, Physics, Russell A. Hulse1998, Physics, Daniel C. Tsui1995, Physiology or Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus1979, Economic Sciences, Sir Arthur Lewis1994, Economic Sciences, John F. Nash Jr.2002, Economic Sciences, Daniel Kahneman Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA 1979, Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown Research Division of Infectious Diseases, Children\'s Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA 1954, Physiology or Medicine, John F. Enders1954, Physiology or Medicine, Thomas H. Weller Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany 1994, Economic Sciences, Reinhard Selten Rice University, Houston, TX, USA 1996, Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley1996, Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr. Rochester University, Rochester, NY, USA 1934, Physiology or Medicine, George H. Whipple Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, NJ, USA 1946, Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley1946, Chemistry, John H. Northrop Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, NY, USA 1912, Physiology or Medicine, Alexis Carrel1930, Physiology or Medicine, Karl Landsteiner1944, Physiology or Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser1958, Physiology or Medicine, Edward Tatum Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA 1972, Chemistry, William H. Stein1972, Chemistry, Stanford Moore1984, Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield2003, Chemistry, Roderick MacKinnon1966, Physiology or Medicine, Peyton Rous1967, Physiology or Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline1972, Physiology or Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman1974, Physiology or Medicine, Christian de Duve1999, Physiology or Medicine, Günter Blobel2000, Physiology or Medicine, Paul Greengard Rome University, Rome, Italy 1938, Physics, Enrico Fermi Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn (Scotland), United Kingdom 1952, Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 1970, Physics, Hannes Alfvén Royal Institution of Great Britain, London, United Kingdom 1904, Physics, Lord Rayleigh1967, Chemistry, George Porter Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA 1952, Physiology or Medicine, Selman A. Waksman Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA 1943, Physiology or Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA 1956, Physics, William B. Shockley Sheffield University, Sheffield, United Kingdom 1953, Physiology or Medicine, Hans Krebs Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan 2002, Chemistry, Koichi Tanaka Sorbonne University, Paris, France 1908, Physics, Gabriel Lippmann1926, Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin1906, Chemistry, Henri Moissan1911, Chemistry, Marie Curie1913, Physiology or Medicine, Charles Richet1907, Peace, Louis Renault Sorbonne University, Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, France 1929, Physics, Louis de Broglie St. Jude Children\'s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA 1996, Physiology or Medicine, Peter C. Doherty Staatliches Institut für makromolekulare Chemie (State Research Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry), Freiburg, Breisgau, Federal Republic of Germany 1953, Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, USA 1976, Physics, Burton Richter Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 1952, Physics, Felix Bloch1955, Physics, Willis E. Lamb1961, Physics, Robert Hofstadter1981, Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow1990, Physics, Richard E. Taylor1995, Physics, Martin L. Perl1996, Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff1997, Physics, Steven Chu1998, Physics, Robert B. Laughlin1974, Chemistry, Paul J. Flory1980, Chemistry, Paul Berg1983, Chemistry, Henry Taube1959, Physiology or Medicine, Arthur Kornberg1990, Economic Sciences, William F. Sharpe2001, Economic Sciences, A. Michael Spence Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden 1977, Economic Sciences, Bertil Ohlin Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 1903, Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius1929, Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin1943, Chemistry, George de Hevesy Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, Alsace, then Germany 1909, Physics, Ferdinand Braun SUNY Health Science Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA 1998, Physiology or Medicine, Robert F. Furchgott Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co., Lidingö-Stockholm, Sweden 1912, Physics, Gustaf Dalén Szeged University, Szeged, Hungary 1937, Physiology or Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Technical University, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany 1961, Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer1973, Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 2004, Chemistry, Aaron Ciechanover2004, Chemistry, Avram Hershko Technische Hochschule (Institute of Technology), Munich, Germany 1930, Chemistry, Hans Fischer Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA 2000, Physics, Jack S. Kilby The Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA 1976, Physiology or Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg The Medical Foundation of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA 1985, Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman The Molecular Sciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA 2002, Physiology or Medicine, Sydney Brenner The Netherlands School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 1969, Economic Sciences, Jan Tinbergen The Salk Institute, San Diego, CA, USA 1977, Physiology or Medicine, Roger Guillemin The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA 2001, Chemistry, K. Barry Sharpless2002, Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, United Kingdom 1982, Physiology or Medicine, John R. Vane The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom 2002, Physiology or Medicine, John E. Sulston Tokyo University of Education, Tokyo, Japan 1965, Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Toulouse University, Toulouse, France 1912, Chemistry, Paul Sabatier Trinity College, Cambridge, United Kingdom 1998, Economic Sciences, Amartya Sen Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland 1951, Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA 1979, Physiology or Medicine, Allan M. Cormack Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium 1974, Physiology or Medicine, Albert Claude Université de Paris, Laboratoire Immuno-Hématologie, Paris, France 1980, Physiology or Medicine, Jean Dausset Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium 1977, Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France 1987, Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn University College, Liverpool, United Kingdom 1902, Physiology or Medicine, Ronald Ross University College, London, United Kingdom 1960, Physiology or Medicine, Peter Medawar1970, Physiology or Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz University of Bonn, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany 1989, Physics, Wolfgang Paul University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 1993, Chemistry, Michael Smith University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 1939, Physics, Ernest Lawrence1959, Physics, Emilio Segrè1959, Physics, Owen Chamberlain1960, Physics, Donald A. Glaser1968, Physics, Luis Alvarez1949, Chemistry, William F. Giauque1951, Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan1951, Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg1961, Chemistry, Melvin Calvin1986, Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee1983, Economic Sciences, Gerard Debreu1994, Economic Sciences, John C. Harsanyi2000, Economic Sciences, Daniel L. McFadden2001, Economic Sciences, George A. Akerlof University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA 1963, Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer University of California, Irvine, CA, USA 1995, Physics, Frederick Reines1995, Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland2004, Chemistry, Irwin Rose University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 1960, Chemistry, Willard F. Libby1987, Chemistry, Donald J. Cram1997, Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA 2000, Physics, Herbert Kroemer1998, Chemistry, Walter Kohn2000, Chemistry, Alan Heeger2004, Economic Sciences, Finn E. Kydland University of California, San Diego, CA, USA 2003, Economic Sciences, Clive W.J. Granger University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA 1998, Physiology or Medicine, Louis J. Ignarro University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA 1989, Physiology or Medicine, Harold E. Varmus1989, Physiology or Medicine, J. Michael Bishop1997, Physiology or Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom 1906, Physics, J.J. Thomson1927, Physics, C.T.R. Wilson1933, Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac1973, Physics, Brian D. Josephson1974, Physics, Martin Ryle1974, Physics, Antony Hewish1977, Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott1922, Chemistry, Francis W. Aston1957, Chemistry, Lord Todd1958, Chemistry, Frederick Sanger1929, Physiology or Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins1932, Physiology or Medicine, Edgar Adrian1963, Physiology or Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin1977, Economic Sciences, James E. Meade1984, Economic Sciences, Richard Stone1996, Economic Sciences, James A. Mirrlees University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 1907, Physics, Albert A. Michelson1927, Physics, Arthur H. Compton1980, Physics, James Cronin1983, Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar1966, Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken1976, Economic Sciences, Milton Friedman1979, Economic Sciences, Theodore W. Schultz1982, Economic Sciences, George J. Stigler1990, Economic Sciences, Merton H. Miller1991, Economic Sciences, Ronald H. Coase1992, Economic Sciences, Gary S. Becker1993, Economic Sciences, Robert W. Fogel1995, Economic Sciences, Robert E. Lucas Jr.2000, Economic Sciences, James J. Heckman University of Chicago, Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research, Chicago, IL, USA 1966, Physiology or Medicine, Charles B. Huggins University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA 1989, Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech University of Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO, USA 2001, Physics, Eric A. Cornell2001, Physics, Carl E. Wieman University of Freiburg, Breisgau, Federal Republic of Germany 1953, Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger University of Freiburg im Breisgau, Breisgau, Germany 1935, Physiology or Medicine, Hans Spemann University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France 1970, Physics, Louis Néel University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 1931, Chemistry, Carl Bosch1931, Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius1938, Chemistry, Richard Kuhn1910, Physiology or Medicine, Albrecht Kossel University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany 1954, Physics, Walther Bothe1963, Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen1979, Chemistry, Georg Wittig University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 1956, Physics, John Bardeen1972, Physics, John Bardeen2003, Physics, Anthony J. Leggett2003, Physiology or Medicine, Paul C. Lauterbur University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 1949, Physiology or Medicine, Egas Moniz University of Moscow, Moscow, USSR 1958, Physics, Il´ja M. Frank1958, Physics, Igor Y. Tamm University of Nottingham, School of Physics and Astronomy, Nottingham, United Kingdom 2003, Physiology or Medicine, Sir Peter Mansfield University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 1969, Chemistry, Odd Hassel1969, Economic Sciences, Ragnar Frisch1989, Economic Sciences, Trygve Haavelmo University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom 1921, Chemistry, Frederick Soddy1947, Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson1956, Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood1932, Physiology or Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington1945, Physiology or Medicine, Sir Howard Florey1945, Physiology or Medicine, Ernst B. Chain1972, Physiology or Medicine, Rodney R. Porter1973, Physiology or Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen University of Oxford, Royal Society, Oxford, United Kingdom 1964, Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 1972, Physics, Robert Schrieffer2002, Physics, Raymond Davis Jr.2000, Chemistry, Alan G. MacDiarmid1980, Economic Sciences, Lawrence R. Klein University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 1994, Chemistry, George A. Olah University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom 1975, Chemistry, John Cornforth1996, Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA 1977, Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA 1998, Physiology or Medicine, Ferid Murad University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA 1988, Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer1985, Physiology or Medicine, Michael S. Brown1985, Physiology or Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein1994, Physiology or Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 2002, Physics, Masatoshi Koshiba University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 1986, Chemistry, John C. Polanyi1923, Physiology or Medicine, Frederick G. Banting1923, Physiology or Medicine, John Macleod University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan 2000, Chemistry, Hideki Shirakawa University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 1989, Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt1992, Physiology or Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer1992, Physiology or Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 1958, Physiology or Medicine, Joshua Lederberg1968, Physiology or Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana1975, Physiology or Medicine, Howard M. Temin University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 1913, Chemistry, Alfred Werner1937, Chemistry, Paul Karrer1949, Physiology or Medicine, Walter Hess University of Zurich, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland 1996, Physiology or Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 1924, Physics, Manne Siegbahn1981, Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn1926, Chemistry, The Svedberg1948, Chemistry, Arne Tiselius1911, Physiology or Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA 1985, Chemistry, Jerome Karle Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands 1999, Physics, Gerardus \'t Hooft1929, Physiology or Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA 1971, Physiology or Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA 1986, Physiology or Medicine, Stanley Cohen Veterans Administration Hospital, New Orleans, LA, USA 1977, Physiology or Medicine, Andrew V. Schally Veterans Administration Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA 1977, Physiology or Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow Victoria University, Manchester, United Kingdom 1915, Physics, Lawrence Bragg1948, Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett1908, Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford Vienna University, Vienna, Austria 1914, Physiology or Medicine, Robert Bárány1927, Physiology or Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA 2002, Chemistry, John B. Fenn Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia 1960, Physiology or Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA 1944, Physiology or Medicine, Joseph Erlanger1947, Physiology or Medicine, Gerty Cori1947, Physiology or Medicine, Carl Cori1993, Economic Sciences, Douglass C. North Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 1988, Physiology or Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion1988, Physiology or Medicine, George H. Hitchings Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA 1954, Physiology or Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany 1911, Physics, Wilhelm Wien Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 1968, Chemistry, Lars Onsager1989, Chemistry, Sidney Altman1975, Economic Sciences, Tjalling C. Koopmans1981, Economic Sciences, James Tobin Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA 1974, Physiology or Medicine, George E. Palade Zoologisches Institut der Universität München, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany 1973, Physiology or Medicine, Karl von Frisch Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Institut für vergleichende Verhaltensforschung, , 1973, Physiology or Medicine, Konrad Lorenz
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